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Ce livre rend compte des réflexions d’historiens européens sut la question primordiale de l’identité et de la conscience européennes. Un certain doute vient de saisir les Européens après la chute du mur de Berlin. L’Union Economique et Monétaire ne semble plus si aisée ; les guerres internationalités en Europe balkanique reprennent. L’Europe de l’Est rêvait d'un passage en douceur à l'économie de marché et à la prospérité. Or de larges fractions de la population souffrent. L’appel à la Communauté économique européenne n’est pas entendu. Après le rideau de fer, voilà que tombe un rideau de dollars, tandis que les Balkans s’embrasent. Sarajevo, encore ! Des historiens européens se sont réunis pour tenter d'élucider les regards que les peuples et les élites d’Europe se portent mutuellement depuis le début du siècle. Ils nous disent que derrière le mot Europe se cachent en fait de puissantes aspirations nationales. Et pourtant l’Europe existe, pas seulement comme un mot sur un atlas, mais aussi dans l'imaginaire, les discours et les pratiques sociales ou culturelles de nombreuses populations européennes. Mais en même temps elle est insaisissable, sinon le temps d'une conférence ou d'un livre sut l’Esprit européen. Elle meurt en 1919; elle vivait donc ! on la souhaite active en 1992 pour résoudre les conflits européens ou mondiaux. Référence obligée. L’Europe n'est pas la même pour chacune des grandes nations, pont chacun des groupes sociaux dans cette nation. Ne serait-elle que le souvenir pieux d'un glorieux passé chrétien et impérial ? Les historiens européens ont mené l’enquête avec profondeur et compétence dans le passé proche des grandes nations de l’Europe occidentale et orientale. Ils n'ont pas trouvé l’Europe, mais des images brisées ou variées de l'idée d’Europe. Le regard qu'ils portent sur les nations européennes éclaire parfaitement les ambiguïtés actuelles. L’unité de l’Europe n'est pas inéluctable. Elle est indispensable.

Europeans --- Européens --- Ethnic identity --- Congresses --- Identité ethnique --- Congrès --- European Union --- Europe --- History --- Politics and government --- Histoire --- Politique et gouvernement --- European federation --- European federation. --- Européens --- Identité ethnique --- Congrès --- Europe - Politics and government - 1989 --- -Europe --- union européenne --- identité européenne --- relations économiques --- -European federation --- EUROPE --- IDENTITE CULTURELLE --- VIE INTELLECTUELLE --- EUROPEENS --- INTEGRATION EUROPEENNE --- SOCIETE EUROPEENNE --- CIVILISATION --- 20E SIECLE --- HISTOIRE --- POLITIQUE ET GOUVERNEMENT --- Vie intellectuelle

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In the 1980's and 1990's, Nicolas Jabko suggests, the character of European integration altered radically, from slow growth to what he terms a "quiet revolution." In Playing the Market, he traces the political strategy that underlay the move from the Single Market of 1986 through the official creation of the European Union in 1992 to the coming of the euro in 1999. The official, shared language of the political forces behind this revolution was that of market reforms-yet, as Jabko notes, this was a very strange "market" revolution, one that saw the building of massive new public institutions designed to regulate economic activity, such as the Economic and Monetary Union, and deeper liberalization in economic areas unaffected by external pressure than in truly internationalized sectors of the European economy. What held together this remarkably diverse reform movement? Precisely because "the market" wasn't a single standard, the agenda of market reforms gained the support of a vast and heterogenous coalition. The "market" was in fact a broad palette of ideas to which different actors could appeal under different circumstances. It variously stood for a constraint on government regulations, a norm by which economic activities were (or should be) governed, a space for the active pursuit of economic growth, an excuse to discipline government policies, and a beacon for new public powers and rule-making. In chapters on financial reform, the provision of collective services, regional development and social policy, and economic and monetary union, Jabko traces how a coalition of strange bedfellows mobilized a variety of market ideas to integrate Europe.

European Union. --- European Union countries --- Europe --- Politics and government. --- Politics and government --- Economic integration. --- European Union --- International relations. Foreign policy --- International economic relations --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- 334.150.0 --- 334.151.20 --- Institutionele aspecten EG: algemeenheden. --- Economische en monetaire unie van de Europese Gemeenschappen: algemeenheden. --- Europe -- Politics and government -- 1989-. --- European Union countries -- Economic integration. --- European Union countries -- Politics and government. --- Government - Non-U.S. --- Law, Politics & Government --- Government - Europe --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Politique et gouvernement --- Intégration économique --- E.U. --- Economische en monetaire unie van de Europese Gemeenschappen: algemeenheden --- Political Science & Political History. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Economy. --- Institutionele aspecten EG: algemeenheden --- European Union countries - Politics and government --- Europe - Politics and government - 1989 --- -European Union countries - Economic integration.

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Modern direct democracy has recently become an essential element of political life in many countries in Europe - and worldwide. The initiative and referendum process offers extra channels of participation and can serve as an important supplementary institution in representative democratic systems. This first volume of the new series Direct Democracy in Modern Europe features sixteen systematic and broadly empirical approaches to the study of modern direct democracy within the context of European politics including - system contexts and effects of the initiative and referendum process - theoretical approaches and basic values in modern direct democracy - the quality and institutional design of direct democratic mechanisms - aspects of information and communication - institutional performance and economic effectiveness - transnational challenges and the development of direct democracy in Europe.

Social Sciences. --- Political Science, general. --- Comparative Politics. --- Social sciences. --- Sciences sociales --- Direct democracy -- Europe. --- Europe -- Politics and government -- 1989-. --- Referendum -- Europe. --- Direct democracy --- Referendum --- Political Institutions & Public Administration - General --- Political Science - General --- Government - General --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Europe --- Politics and government --- Ballot initiatives --- Ballot measures --- Initiative and referendum --- Initiatives, Ballot --- Propositions (Referendum) --- Referenda --- Referendums --- Direct legislation --- Political science. --- Comparative politics. --- Political Science and International Relations. --- Political Science. --- Democracy --- Elections --- Representative government and representation --- Plebiscite --- Comparative political systems --- Comparative politics --- Government, Comparative --- Political systems, Comparative --- Political science --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The

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Modern direct democracy has recently become an important element of political life in many countries. These developments can be observed at the national, regional, and local level of political systems. Participation and democracy in local political affairs play a major role in stabilising and developing democratic systems. This volume presents, for the first time, a broad basis of information on the wide variety of local institutions and practice of direct democracy in 19 countries. Country specialists analyse - the role of direct democracy in the institutional context and culture of national political systems, - political processes of introduction and development of initiatives and referendums, - regulations of procedures of municipal direct democracy, - practice of local direct democracy, - the contribution of local direct democracy to democratic development in general.

Direct democracy -- Europe -- Congresses. --- Direct democracy -- Europe. --- Europe -- Politics and government -- 1989- -- Congresses. --- Local government -- Europe -- Congresses. --- Political participation -- Europe -- Congresses. --- Referendum -- Europe -- Congresses. --- Direct democracy --- Referendum --- Political participation --- Local government --- Political Science --- Government - General --- Law, Politics & Government --- Political Institutions & Public Administration - General --- Political Science - General --- Direct legislation --- Political science. --- Comparative politics. --- Political Science and International Relations. --- Political Science. --- Comparative Politics. --- Democracy --- Comparative political systems --- Comparative politics --- Government, Comparative --- Political systems, Comparative --- Political science --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Europe --- Politics and government

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Limiting Institutions examines the security threats in Eurasia and the role of institutions in the post-Cold War international environment. It looks at both the crucial aspect of foreign policy as well as a theoretical area of security studies and its impact in the former Soviet States.

Europe -- Foreign relations -- Former Soviet republics. --- Europe -- Politics and government -- 1989-. --- Former Soviet republics -- Foreign relations -- Europe. --- Former Soviet republics -- Politics and government. --- Geopolitics -- Former Soviet republics. --- National security -- Former Soviet republics. --- National security --- Geopolitics --- Regions & Countries - Europe --- Military & Naval Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- History & Archaeology --- Russia & Former Soviet Republics --- Armies --- Former Soviet republics --- Europe --- Politics and government. --- Foreign relations --- Politics and government --- CIS countries --- Commonwealth of Independent States countries --- Ex-Soviet republics --- Ex-Soviet states --- Former Soviet states --- New Independent States (Former Soviet republics) --- Newly Independent States (Former Soviet republics) --- NIS (Former Soviet republics) --- Council of Europe countries --- World politics --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- eurasia --- nato --- eurasian --- soviet --- Central Asia --- China --- Commonwealth of Independent States --- Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe --- Partnership for Peace --- Russia --- United States